THE AMERICANS TO THE MOON AGAIN
Nobody in the world, who's younger than 33 years (exactly who was born after the 11th December 1972), wasn't contemporary of any piloted flight to the Moon and landing of astronauts on its surface. Scheme of legation the American astronauts to the Moon, called Apollo, declared the American president John Kennedy in the year 1961. After several experimental unpiloted and four piloted flights of space ship Apollo, in July 1969 followed an historic flight Apollo 11, during which two American astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin became the first people, standing on the Moon's surface. Then followed still six american piloted flights to the Moon (Apollo 12 - 17). Dramatic flight was Apollo 13, which they had to break off because of break-down of electric power supply and the crew returned to the Earth without landing on the Moon. Till now, the last people who visited the Moon, were astronauts Eugene A. Cernan and H. H. Schmitt, who landed on the Moon on December 11th, 1972.
Recently, american space agency NASA published several basic information about preparation the new piloted flights to the Moon. The scheme reckon with first astronauts on the Moon still before the end of the next decade, probably in the year 2018. The best technologic elements and experiences from the ships Apollo and space shuttle going to utilize themselves by the development of the new piloted spaceship. The new ship will have similar shape like Apollo, but with its volume will be about three times bigger. Its average will be about 5 ms. The ship will be able to transport to the Moon and back till four astronauts and transport load as well. On the ship's surface will be placed solar cells. The rocket engines of orbit module and lunar lander will be construct as they can combust methane too. NASA namely reckon on, that future astronauts during their stay on the Mars can this fuel obtain from the Mars's atmosphere.
While lunar module of the ship Apollo was able to land on the Moon only thereabouts of equator, the new lunar module will have plenty of fuel to land anywhere on the Moon's surface. Orbit module will be able to turn around the Moon without an astronaut (by the scheme Apollo always had to one astronaut stay in the orbit module and the another two were able to land on the Moon with lander). They suppose, that a new space ship will be possible to use till ten times. After the termination of space flight the ship going to land on the Earth's surface by assistance the parachutes (the ships Apollo have landed exclusively at the sea).
It will be necessary develop new carriers to realization planned cosmic flights. The experts of NASA hit upon an idea, that the best solution will be utilize the exist rocket engines used in the scheme of space shuttles. The new carriers will be the combination of starting rockets for solid fuel and the chief engines of space shuttle. They are attested driving units and for its production exist the technical basis. In the new scheme will be used two types of carriers. The first will be compound from the one four-segmental starting engine for solid fuel (the first grade) and the one chief engine of space shuttle (the second grade). That carrier, which bearing capacity is 25 tons, will take the space ship with crew to orbit out. It will be tenfold safer than starting arrangement of the space shuttle used at the present time. Especially, because on it's top will be the safety rocket, which will take the ship with an astronauts into the safety height out, in case that will be some problems during start (ship will land by parachutes on the land or the sea then). The heavier carrier will be used for take the lunar lander and so-called "leaving" degree out. It will consist a couple of starting rockets for solid fuel and five chief engines of space shuttle. To the orbit it will be able to carry the load heavy till 125 tons out. The heavy carrier will be able to used for take the ship with astronauts out, as well.
How will the flight to the Moon, by used of new ship, look? The smaller carrier will take to the Earth's orbit the piloted ship with an astronauts aboard out. The heavier carrier will take to the orbit lunar lander and degree, which we called "leaving". Astronauts will combine its ship with both these modules. The all composition will leave the Earth's orbit then (by fire the rocket engine of degree, which we called "leaving") and will start to the Moon. After three days the all composition will tend to the Moon's orbit. Four astronauts will step the lunar lander and the rest of the composition will keep to fly around the Moon. After the landing on the Moon's surface and stay a seven days on it, the crew will return with a part of lander to a waiting ship. Then will begin the way back to the Earth. The crew will throw the service module away before nesting into the atmosphere, a thermical shield of ship will discover itself. The ship will land on the earth's surface after the opening of parachutes.
They supposes that at least two lunar missions will realize each year. Eventual aim of the scheme is build of permanent base on the Moon up. An astronaut's teams, working at the base, could alternate every six months. Before realization of new piloted flights, the Americans plan send to the Moon a few robotic probes. They will help select suitable destination for landing and will reconsider the occurrence suitable raw materials on the Moon's surface.
There is a "small" rub in planned american scheme of the repeatedly flights of people to the Moon: all program will cost about 100 milliards dollars - and these have to ratify an American congress.